{"id":8304,"date":"2026-03-29T03:59:14","date_gmt":"2026-03-29T03:59:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/?page_id=8304"},"modified":"2026-04-14T09:03:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T09:03:34","slug":"age-of-enlightenment","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/age-of-enlightenment\/","title":{"rendered":"Age of Enlightenment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8304\" class=\"elementor elementor-8304\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28887d90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"28887d90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_effect&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0.90000000000000002220446049250313080847263336181640625,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_affectedRange&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:0,&quot;end&quot;:100}},&quot;background_motion_fx_devices&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54abe598 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54abe598\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Age of Enlightenment<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d211f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"71d211f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14274736 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14274736\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f7c7d36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f7c7d36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23527f20 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23527f20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Age of Enlightenment was a major intellectual and philosophical movement that swept across Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Also known as the Age of Reason, this period saw thinkers, writers, and scientists challenge traditional ideas about government, religion, and society. Enlightenment philosophers believed that reason and scientific thinking could improve human life and solve social problems.  The Age of Enlightenment fundamentally changed how people thought about their relationship to authority and laid the groundwork for modern democracy and human rights.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5625502c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5625502c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cf8cad0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4cf8cad0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b64e104 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"5b64e104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tAge of Enlightenment: Table of Contents\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5b64e104\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__5b64e104\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__5b64e104\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element 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aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-tab-content-1821\" class=\"e-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-tab-title-1821\" tabindex=\"0\" data-video-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DvK2m-WStgY\" data-video-type=\"youtube\" data-video-title=\"Causes of the French Revolution - Video Infographic\" data-video-duration=\"4:58\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-tabs-inner-tabs\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21c78051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"21c78051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-384a0f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"384a0f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e14cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e14cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c5bedff elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c5bedff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Articles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f5db5ba elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f5db5ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Age of Enlightenment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ba2386c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2ba2386c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4434c8fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4434c8fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13dbb0bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13dbb0bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c04ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c04ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Age of Enlightenment: Overview<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e7a1df3 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e7a1df3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>\u200b\u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/age-of-enlightenment-overview\/\">Age of Enlightenment: A Detailed Overview<\/a><\/strong><ul><li><em>A detailed article that covers the major causes, events and history of the Age of Enlightenment.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49c65222 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"49c65222\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21df3ec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21df3ec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Causes of the Enlightenment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17133e47 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17133e47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/causes-of-the-age-of-enlightenment\/\"><strong>Causes of the Age of Enlightenment<\/strong><\/a><ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/johannes-gutenberg\/\">Johannes Gutenberg (Printing Press)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/scientific-revolution\/\">Scientific Revolution<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/renaissance\/\">Renaissance<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/protestant-reformation\/\">Protestant Reformation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/age-of-exploration\/\">Age of Exploration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42a6ad61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"42a6ad61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e98bfda elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e98bfda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Concepts of the Enlightenment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a81e865 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a81e865\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><em><strong>Core Philosophical Ideas<\/strong><\/em><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><em>Social Contract Theory<\/em><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><em>Natural Rights<\/em><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><em>Freedom of Religion<\/em><\/li><li><em>Rationalism<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18a9411 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18a9411\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Political Philosophy &amp; Government<\/strong><br \/><ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/political-individualism\/\">Political Individualism<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/liberalism-overview\/\">Liberalism<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><em>Separation of Powers<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e748e7 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e748e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Economic Philosophy &amp; Systems<\/strong><br \/><ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/economic-individualism\/\">Economic Individualism<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/individualism-overview\/\">Individualism<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/free-market-economy\/\">Free Market Economy<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/laissez-faire-capitalism\/\">Laissez-faire Capitalism<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36f9bf6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"36f9bf6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba7b0bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba7b0bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61f6f371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"61f6f371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Image Carousel\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Impacts-of-the-Age-of-Enlightenment-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"Impacts of the Age of Enlightenment\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery' by Joseph Wright. (1766)  Scientific advances were a significant impact of the Age of Enlightenment.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"Denis Diderot\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'Portrait of Denis Diderot' by Louis-Michel van Loo. (1767)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"John Locke\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'Portrait of John Locke' by Godfrey Kneller. (1697)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Jean-Jacques Rousseau\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau' by \nMaurice Quentin de La Tour. (Late 18th Century)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Voltaire-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"Voltaire\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'Voltaire' by Nicolas de Largilli\u00e8re. (1724)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"6 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Thomas-Hobbes-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Thomas Hobbes\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'Thomas Hobbes' by John Michael Wright. (1670)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"7 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Montesquieu-1024x576.webp\" alt=\"Montesquieu\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">'Portrait of Montesquieu' by  Jacques-Antoine Dassier. (Late 18th Century)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"8 of 8\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Causes-of-the-French-Revolution-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Causes of the French Revolution\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Execution of King Louis XVI during the French Revolution.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19a490ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"19a490ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2e9765 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e2e9765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thinkers of the Enlightenment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23c396fb elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23c396fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/thinkers-of-the-age-of-enlightenment\/\"><strong>Thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment<\/strong><\/a><ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/thomas-hobbes\/\">Thomas Hobbes<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/john-locke\/\">John Locke<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/baron-de-montesquieu\/\">Baron de Montesquieu<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/voltaire\/\">Voltaire<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/jean-jacques-rousseau\/\">Jean-Jacques Rousseau<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/denis-diderot\/\">Denis Diderot<\/a><\/li><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/adam-smith\/\">Adam Smith<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a403eb9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1a403eb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7637b34e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7637b34e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impacts of the Enlightenment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b964ac elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54b964ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/impacts-of-the-age-of-enlightenment\/\"><strong>Impacts of the Age of Enlightenment<\/strong><\/a><ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/how-did-the-age-of-enlightenment-impact-the-french-revolution\/\">How did the Age of Enlightenment impact the French Revolution?<\/a><ul><li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/causes-of-the-french-revolution\/\">Causes of the French Revolution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><em>How did the Age of Enlightenment impact the American Revolution?<\/em><ul><li><em>Declaration of Independence<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/democracy-overview\/\">Democracy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/industrial-revolution\/\">Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf082ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cf082ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7de3d5e3 elementor-arrows-position-outside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"7de3d5e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Image Carousel\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NjEwOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNlwvMDNcL0FkYW0tU21pdGgtUXVvdGUtMS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI3ZGUzZDVlMyJ9\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Adam-Smith-Quote-1.jpg\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Adam-Smith-Quote-1.jpg\" alt=\"Adam Smith Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL1Rob21hcy1Ib2JiZXMtUXVvdGUtMS53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Thomas-Hobbes-Quote-1.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Thomas-Hobbes-Quote-1.webp\" alt=\"Thomas Hobbes Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL01vbnRlc3F1aWV1LVF1b3RlLTIud2VicCIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjdkZTNkNWUzIn0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Montesquieu-Quote-2.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Montesquieu-Quote-2.webp\" alt=\"Montesquieu Quote 2\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL01vbnRlc3F1aWV1LVF1b3RlLTEud2VicCIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjdkZTNkNWUzIn0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Montesquieu-Quote-1.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Montesquieu-Quote-1.webp\" alt=\"Montesquieu Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0pvaG4tTG9ja2UtUXVvdGUtMy53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-Quote-3.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-Quote-3.webp\" alt=\"John Locke Quote 3\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"6 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0pvaG4tTG9ja2UtUXVvdGUtMi53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-Quote-2.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-Quote-2.webp\" alt=\"John Locke Quote 2\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"7 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0pvaG4tTG9ja2UtUXVvdGUtMS53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-Quote-1.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/John-Locke-Quote-1.webp\" alt=\"John Locke Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"8 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQ0MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0plYW4tSmFjcXVlcy1Sb3Vzc2VhdS1RdW90ZS0zLndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI3ZGUzZDVlMyJ9\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-Quote-3.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-Quote-3.webp\" alt=\"Jean-Jacques Rousseau Quote 3\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"9 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQzOSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0plYW4tSmFjcXVlcy1Sb3Vzc2VhdS1RdW90ZS0yLndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI3ZGUzZDVlMyJ9\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-Quote-2.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-Quote-2.webp\" alt=\"Jean-Jacques Rousseau Quote 2\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"10 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQzOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0plYW4tSmFjcXVlcy1Sb3Vzc2VhdS1RdW90ZS0xLndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI3ZGUzZDVlMyJ9\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-Quote-1.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau-Quote-1.webp\" alt=\"Jean-Jacques Rousseau Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"11 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQzNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0RlbmlzLURpZGVyb3QtUXVvdGUtNC53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-4.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-4.webp\" alt=\"Denis Diderot Quote 4\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"12 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQzNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0RlbmlzLURpZGVyb3QtUXVvdGUtMy53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-3.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-3.webp\" alt=\"Denis Diderot Quote 3\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"13 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQzMywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0RlbmlzLURpZGVyb3QtUXVvdGUtMi53ZWJwIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiN2RlM2Q1ZTMifQ%3D%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-2.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-2.webp\" alt=\"Denis Diderot Quote 2\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"14 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQzMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL0RlbmlzLURpZGVyb3QtUXVvdGUtMS5wbmciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI3ZGUzZDVlMyJ9\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-1.png\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Denis-Diderot-Quote-1.png\" alt=\"Denis Diderot Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"15 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQyNCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL1ZvbHRhaXJlLVF1b3RlLTIud2VicCIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjdkZTNkNWUzIn0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Voltaire-Quote-2.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Voltaire-Quote-2.webp\" alt=\"Voltaire Quote 2\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"16 of 16\"><a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"7de3d5e3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDQyMywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2NydW5jaGxlYXJuaW5nLmNvbVwvd2Vic2l0ZV9lYzJjYmZiMFwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL1ZvbHRhaXJlLVF1b3RlLTEud2VicCIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjdkZTNkNWUzIn0%3D\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Voltaire-Quote-1.webp\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img class=\"swiper-slide-image swiper-lazy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Voltaire-Quote-1.webp\" alt=\"Voltaire Quote 1\" \/><div class=\"swiper-lazy-preloader\"><\/div><\/figure><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M646 125C629 125 613 133 604 142L308 442C296 454 292 471 292 487 292 504 296 521 308 533L604 854C617 867 629 875 646 875 663 875 679 871 692 858 704 846 713 829 713 812 713 796 708 779 692 767L438 487 692 225C700 217 708 204 708 187 708 171 704 154 692 142 675 129 663 125 646 125Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-chevron-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M696 533C708 521 713 504 713 487 713 471 708 454 696 446L400 146C388 133 375 125 354 125 338 125 325 129 313 142 300 154 292 171 292 187 292 204 296 221 308 233L563 492 304 771C292 783 288 800 288 817 288 833 296 850 308 863 321 871 338 875 354 875 371 875 388 867 400 854L696 533Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17b40899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"17b40899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d6f228f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7d6f228f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7103c4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c7103c4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e9afa38 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e9afa38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Infographics<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e0e9e7 elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e0e9e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Age of Enlightenment<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6294af75 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6294af75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-221a36a6 elementor-grid-5 elementor-posts--align-center elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"221a36a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;cards_masonry&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:20,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-7403 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-infographics category-biography category-economics category-industrial-revolution tag-biography tag-history tag-industrial-revolution tag-infographic\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/adam-smith-infographic\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Adam-Smith-Infographic-225x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-4415\" alt=\"Adam Smith Infographic\" srcset=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Adam-Smith-Infographic-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Adam-Smith-Infographic.png 720w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/adam-smith-infographic\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tAdam Smith: Infographic\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e15a2d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e15a2d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29f0935 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"29f0935\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Age of Enlightenment was a major intellectual and philosophical movement that swept across Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Also known as the Age of Reason, this period saw thinkers, writers, and scientists challenge traditional ideas about government, religion, and society. Enlightenment philosophers believed that reason and scientific thinking could improve human life and solve social problems.  The Age of Enlightenment fundamentally changed how people thought about their relationship to authority and laid the groundwork for modern democracy and human rights.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4451,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"iawp_total_views":5,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8304","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8304","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8304"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9661,"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8304\/revisions\/9661"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/crunchlearning.com\/website_ec2cbfb0\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}